Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Southern Africa, north of South Africa

22 00 S, 24 00 E

Africa

slightly smaller than Texas

0 km (landlocked)

none (landlocked)

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

20 sq km (2008)

14.7 cu km (2001)

periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

overgrazing; desertification; limited freshwater resources

landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English (official) 2.1%, other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)

Christian 71.6%, Badimo 6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%, none 20.6% (2001 census)

2,065,398 (July 2011 est.)

1.656% (2011 est.)

22.31 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

10.57 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

4.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population

GABORONE (capital) 196,000 (2009)

190 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

2.5 children born/woman (2011 est.)

10.3% of GDP (2009)

0.336 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

1.81 beds/1,000 population (2008)

urban: 99% of population

rural: 90% of population

total: 95% of population

urban: 1% of population

rural: 10% of population

total: 5% of population (2008)

urban: 74% of population

rural: 39% of population

total: 60% of population

urban: 26% of population

rural: 61% of population

total: 40% of population (2008)

24.8% (2009 est.)

320,000 (2009 est.)

5,800 (2009 est.)

10.7% (2000)

8.9% of GDP (2009)

parliamentary republic

9 districts and 5 town councils*; Central, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Northeast, Northwest, Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern

30 September 1966 (from the UK)

Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)

March 1965; effective 30 September 1966

mixed legal system of civil law influenced by the Roman-Dutch model and also customary and common law

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 35-member body with 8 ex-officio members consisting of the chiefs of the principal tribes, and 27 non-permanent members serving 5-year terms, of which 22 are indirectly elected with the remaining 5 appointed by the President) and the National Assembly (63 seats; 57 members directly elected by popular vote, 4 appointed by the majority party, and 2, the President and Attorney General, serve as ex-officio members; members serve five-year terms)

High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)

Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Gilson SALESHANDO]; Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Daniel KWELAGOBE]; Botswana Movement for Democracy or BMD [Gomolemo MOTSWALEDI]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Bernard BALIKANI]; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS [Themba JOINA]; New Democratic Front or NDF [Dick BAYFORD]

First People of the Kalahari (Bushman organization); Pitso Ya Ba Tswana; Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (Kalanga elites)

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony

zebra

Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966, though growth fell below 5% in 2007-08, and turned sharply negative in 2009, with industry falling nearly 30%. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $13,100 in 2010. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP, 70-80% of export earnings, and about half of the government's revenues. Botswana's heavy reliance on a single luxury export was a critical factor in the sharp economic contraction of 2009. Tourism, financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other key sectors. Although unemployment was 7.5% in 2007 according to official reports, unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in diamond mining production within the next two decades overshadows long-term prospects.

$28.49 billion (2010 est.)

$26.24 billion (2009 est.)

$27.24 billion (2008 est.)

$14.03 billion (2010 est.)

8.6% (2010 est.)

-3.7% (2009 est.)

3.1% (2008 est.)

$14,000 (2010 est.)

$13,200 (2009 est.)

$14,000 (2008 est.)

1.225 million formal sector employees (2009 est.)

7.5% (2007 est.)

30.3% (2003)

63 (1993)

25.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

33.2% of GDP (2010 est.)

-7% of GDP (2010 est.)

19.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

17.6% of GDP (2009 est.)

7% (2010 est.)

8.1% (2009 est.)

9.5% (31 December 2010 est.)

10% (31 December 2009 est.)

11.46% (31 December 2010 est.)

13.76% (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.438 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.065 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$6.654 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$5.802 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.466 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$122.6 million (31 December 2009 est.)

$4.076 billion (31 December 2010)

$3.991 billion (31 December 2009)

$3.556 billion (31 December 2008)

livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver; livestock processing; textiles

7.9% (2010 est.)

593 million kWh (2008 est.)

2.85 billion kWh (2008 est.)

0 kWh (2009 est.)

1.959 billion kWh (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

15,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

15,590 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

-$340.2 million (2010 est.)

-$543 million (2009 est.)

$4.591 billion (2010 est.)

$3.435 billion (2009 est.)

diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles

$4.767 billion (2010 est.)

$3.998 billion (2009 est.)

foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products

$7.885 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$8.704 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$2.499 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.617 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

pulas (BWP) per US dollar -

6.7413 (2010)

7.1551 (2009)

6.7907 (2008)

6.2035 (2007)

5.8447 (2006)

137,400 (2010)

2.363 million (2010)

2 TV stations - 1 state-owned and 1 privately-owned; privately-owned satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned national radio stations; 3 privately-owned radio stations broadcast locally (2007)

.bw

2,739 (2010)

120,000 (2009)

78 (2010)

Botswana Defense Force (BDF): Ground Forces Command, Air Arm Command, Defense Logistics Command, Special Forces Group (2011)

18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service; official minimum age is unknown (2001)

3.3% of GDP (2006)

none