Settlement of freed slaves from the US in what is today Liberia began in 1822; by 1847, the Americo-Liberians were able to establish a republic. William TUBMAN, president from 1944-71, did much to promote foreign investment and to bridge the economic, social, and political gaps between the descendents of the original settlers and the inhabitants of the interior. In 1980, a military coup led by Samuel DOE ushered in a decade of authoritarian rule. In December 1989, Charles TAYLOR launched a rebellion against DOE's regime that led to a prolonged civil war in which DOE himself was killed. A period of relative peace in 1997 allowed for elections that brought TAYLOR to power, but major fighting resumed in 2000. An August 2003 peace agreement ended the war and prompted the resignation of former president Charles TAYLOR, who faces war crimes charges in The Hague related to his involvement in Sierra Leone's civil war. After two years of rule by a transitional government, democratic elections in late 2005 brought President Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF to power. The UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) maintains a strong presence throughout the country, but the security situation is still fragile and the process of rebuilding the social and economic structure of this war-torn country continues.

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone

6 30 N, 9 30 W

Africa

slightly larger than Tennessee

579 km

tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast

iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower

30 sq km (2008)

232 cu km (1987)

dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)

tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw sewage

facing the Atlantic Ocean, the coastline is characterized by lagoons, mangrove swamps, and river-deposited sandbars; the inland grassy plateau supports limited agriculture

Kpelle 20.3%, Bassa 13.4%, Grebo 10%, Gio 8%, Mano 7.9%, Kru 6%, Lorma 5.1%, Kissi 4.8%, Gola 4.4%, other 20.1% (2008 census)

English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages few of which can be written or used in correspondence

Christian 85.6%, Muslim 12.2%, Traditional 0.6%, other 0.2%, none 1.4% (2008 census)

3,786,764 (July 2011 est.)

2.663% (2011 est.)

37.25 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

10.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

MONROVIA (capital) 882,000 (2009)

990 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

5.13 children born/woman (2011 est.)

3.9% of GDP (2009)

0.014 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)

urban: 79% of population

rural: 51% of population

total: 68% of population

urban: 21% of population

rural: 49% of population

total: 32% of population (2008)

urban: 25% of population

rural: 4% of population

total: 17% of population

urban: 75% of population

rural: 96% of population

total: 83% of population (2008)

1.5% (2009 est.)

37,000 (2009 est.)

3,600 (2009 est.)

20.4% (2007)

2.7% of GDP (2008)

republic

15 counties; Bomi, Bong, Gbarpolu, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, River Gee, Sinoe

26 July 1847

Independence Day, 26 July (1847)

6 January 1986

mixed legal system of common law (based on Anglo-American law) and customary law

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (30 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve nine-year terms) and the House of Representatives (73 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

Supreme Court

Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Togba-na TIPOTEH]; Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH]; Liberty Party or LP [Charles BRUMSKINE]; National Patriotic Party or NPP [Roland MASSAQUOI]; Unity Party or UP [Varney SHERMAN]

ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor

white star

Liberia is a low income country heavily reliant on foreign assistance for revenue. Civil war and government mismanagement destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around the capital, Monrovia. Many businesses fled the country, taking capital and expertise with them, but with the conclusion of fighting and the installation of a democratically-elected government in 2006, several have returned. Liberia has the distinction of having the highest ratio of direct foreign investment to GDP in the world. Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic products, primarily raw timber and rubber and is reviving those sectors. Local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. President JOHNSON SIRLEAF, a Harvard-trained banker and administrator, has taken steps to reduce corruption, build support from international donors, and encourage private investment. Embargos on timber and diamond exports have been lifted, opening new sources of revenue for the government and Liberia shipped its first major timber exports to Europe in 2010. The country reached its Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative completion point in 2010 and nearly $5 billion of international debt was permanently eliminated. This new status will enable Liberia to establish a sovereign credit rating and issue bonds. Liberia's Paris Club creditors agreed to cancel Liberia's debt as well. Rebuilding infrastructure and raising incomes will depend on generous financial and technical assistance from donor countries and foreign investment in key sectors, such as infrastructure and power generation.

$1.691 billion (2010 est.)

$1.608 billion (2009 est.)

$1.537 billion (2008 est.)

$974 million (2010 est.)

5.1% (2010 est.)

4.6% (2009 est.)

7.1% (2008 est.)

$500 (2010 est.)

$400 (2009 est.)

$400 (2008 est.)

1.372 million (2007)

85% (2003 est.)

80% (2000 est.)

38.2 (2007)

34.3% of GDP (2010 est.)

-0.7% of GDP (2010 est.)

7.3% (2010 est.)

7.4% (2009 est.)

14.3% (31 December 2010 est.)

14.183% (31 December 2009 est.)

$289 million (31 December 2010 est.)

$260.1 million (31 December 2009 est.)

$398.6 million

$343.6 million

$1.334 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.269 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$NA

rubber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), palm oil, sugarcane, bananas; sheep, goats; timber

rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber, diamonds

NA%

335 million kWh (2008 est.)

311.6 million kWh (2008 est.)

0 kWh (2009 est.)

0 kWh (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

4,500 bbl/day (2010 est.)

23 bbl/day (2009 est.)

4,552 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

-$692.5 million (2010 est.)

-$541.1 million (2009 est.)

$207 million (2010 est.)

$180 million (2009 est.)

rubber, timber, iron, diamonds, cocoa, coffee

South Africa 26.9%, US 18.1%, Spain 7.8%, Denmark 5.4%, Venezuela 4.8%, Malaysia 4.3% (2010)

$726.7 million (2010 est.)

$559 million (2009 est.)

fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods; foodstuffs

South Korea 37.2%, China 26.3%, Singapore 17.3%, Japan 11.5% (2010)

$399.8 million (31 December 2010 est.)

$372.5 million (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.66 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$3.2 billion (2005 est.)

$NA

$NA

Liberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar -

NA (2007)

59.43 (2006)

53.098 (2005)

54.906 (2004)

59.379 (2003)

5,900 (2010)

1.571 million (2010)

3 private TV stations; satellite TV service is available; 1 state-owned radio station; about 15 independent radio stations broadcasting in Monrovia, with another 25 local stations operating in other areas; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are available (2007)

.lr

8 (2010)

20,000 (2009)

29 (2010)

oil 4 km

Buchanan, Monrovia

Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL): Army, Navy, Air Force

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2010)

1.3% of GDP (2006 est.)

although civil unrest continues to abate with the assistance of 18,000 UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) peacekeepers, as of January 2007, Liberian refugees still remain in Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in Cote d'Ivoire; despite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict continues to spread into neighboring states who can no longer send their migrant workers to Ivorian cocoa plantations; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber

transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine for the European and US markets; corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering center