Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. In 2011, Hungary assumed the six-month rotating presidency of the EU for the first time.

Central Europe, northwest of Romania

47 00 N, 20 00 E

Europe

slightly smaller than Indiana

0 km (landlocked)

none (landlocked)

temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

1,400 sq km (2008)

120 cu km (2005)

the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments

landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)

Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)

Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)

9,976,062 (July 2011 est.)

-0.17% (2011 est.)

9.6 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

12.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

1.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

BUDAPEST (capital) 1.705 million (2009)

13 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

1.4 children born/woman (2011 est.)

8.2% of GDP (2009)

3.097 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

7.04 beds/1,000 population (2008)

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population (2008)

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population (2008)

less than 0.1% (2009 est.)

3,000 (2009 est.)

fewer than 200 (2009 est.)

17.7% (2004)

5.2% of GDP (2007)

parliamentary democracy

19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)

16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)

25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012

civil legal system influenced by the German model

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)

Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms); Curia (highest court; head of Curia elected by National Assembly, the other judges elected by the president on recommendation of the head of the National Office of the Courts, a separate administrative body); Regional Courts of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president)

Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]; Democratic Coalition [Ferenc GYURCSANY]; Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Attila MESTERHAZY]; Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA]; Politics Can Be Different or LMP [13-member leadership]

Air Work Group (works to reduce air pollution in towns and cities); Danube Circle (protests the building of the Gabchikovo-Nagymaros dam); Fourth Republic (Negyedik Koztarsasag) or 4K! (anti-Orban, pro-democracy Facebook movement emerged from a Facebook group, One Million for Freedom of the Press, and plans to form a leftist political party); Green Future (protests the impact of lead contamination of local factory on health of the people); Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy); Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system); environmentalists: Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (Magyar Madartani Egyesulet) or MME; Green Alternative (Zold Alternativa)

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); turul (falcon)

Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-25 average. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment worth more than $70 billion. The government's austerity measures, imposed since late 2006, have reduced the budget deficit from over 9% of GDP in 2006 to 3.2% in 2010, with a target of less than 3% in 2011. Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis in late 2008 - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and fixed asset accumulation, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in an economic contraction of 6.3% in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed "crisis taxes" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The economy rebounded in 2010 with a big boost from exports, especially to Germany, and growth of more than 2.5% is expected in 2011. Unemployment remained high, at more than 10% in 2010.

$187.6 billion (2010 est.)

$185.4 billion (2009 est.)

$198.7 billion (2008 est.)

$129 billion (2010 est.)

1.2% (2010 est.)

-6.7% (2009 est.)

0.8% (2008 est.)

$18,800 (2010 est.)

$18,500 (2009 est.)

$19,800 (2008 est.)

4.23 million (2010 est.)

11.2% (2010 est.)

10% (2009 est.)

13.9% (2010)

24.7 (2009)

24.4 (1998)

19.3% of GDP (2010 est.)

45.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

-4.3% of GDP (2010 est.)

80.2% of GDP (2010 est.)

78.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

4.9% (2010 est.)

4.2% (2009 est.)

5.75% (31 December 2010)

6.25% (31 December 2009)

7.592% (31 December 2010 est.)

11.058% (31 December 2009 est.)

$31.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$32.55 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$68.82 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$76.38 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$104.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$110.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$27.71 billion (31 December 2010)

$28.29 billion (31 December 2009)

$18.58 billion (31 December 2008)

wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products

mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

10.5% (2010 est.)

37.55 billion kWh (2010 est.)

42.7 billion kWh (2010 est.)

4.703 billion kWh (2010 est.)

9.879 billion kWh (2010 est.)

34,480 bbl/day (2010 est.)

146,600 bbl/day (2010 est.)

69,820 bbl/day (2009 est.)

171,600 bbl/day (2010 est.)

26.57 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

2.494 billion cu m (2010 est.)

12.05 billion cu m (2010 est.)

227 million cu m (2010 est.)

9.636 billion cu m (2010 est.)

8.098 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

$2.692 billion (2010 est.)

$472 million (2009 est.)

$93.29 billion (2010 est.)

$81.56 billion (2009 est.)

machinery and equipment 61.1%, other manufactures 28.7%, food products 6.5%, raw materials 2%, fuels and electricity 1.6% (2009 est.)

Germany 25.5%, Italy 5.5%, UK 5.4%, Romania 5.3%, Slovakia 5.1%, France 4.9%, Austria 4.7% (2010 est.)

$87.08 billion (2010 est.)

$76.78 billion (2009 est.)

machinery and equipment 50%, fuels and electricity 11%, food products, raw materials

Germany 26.1%, Russia 7.7%, China 6.8%, Austria 5.9%, Netherlands 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Italy 4.2% (2010 est.)

$44.99 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$44.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$232.5 billion (30 June 2011 est.)

$179 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$71.47 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$68.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$22.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$20.49 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

forints (HUF) per US dollar -

206.15 (2010)

202.34 (2009)

171.8 (2008)

183.83 (2007)

210.39 (2006)

2.977 million (2010)

12.012 million (2010)

mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly-owned TV channels and the 2 main privately-owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels have emerged; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing multi-channel services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2012 (2007)

.hu

2.655 million (2010)

6.176 million (2009)

43 (2010)

5 (2010)

gas 4,716 km; oil 984 km; refined products 361 km (2010)

1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2010)

Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs

Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2010)

1.75% of GDP (2005 est.)

bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy