Eastern Turkmenistan for centuries formed part of the Persian province of Khurasan; in medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country once extraction and delivery projects are expanded. The Turkmen Government is actively working to diversify its gas export routes beyond the still dominant Russian pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president.

Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

40 00 N, 60 00 E

Asia

slightly larger than California

0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

none (landlocked)

subtropical desert

flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west

petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt

18,000 sq km (2008)

60.9 cu km (1997)

NA

contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau

Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

4,997,503 (July 2011 est.)

1.138% (2011 est.)

19.54 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

6.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

-1.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

ASHGABAT (capital) 637,000 (2009)

77 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

2.16 children born/woman (2011 est.)

2.3% of GDP (2009)

2.438 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

4.06 beds/1,000 population (2007)

urban: 97% of population

rural: 72% of population

total: 83% of population

urban: 3% of population

rural: 28% of population

total: 17% of population (2000)

urban: 99% of population

rural: 97% of population

total: 98% of population

urban: 1% of population

rural: 3% of population

total: 2% of population (2008)

less than 0.1% (2007 est.)

fewer than 200 (2007 est.)

fewer than 100 (2004 est.)

NA

NA

defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule, with power concentrated within the presidential administration

5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty

27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

adopted 26 September 2008

civil law system with Islamic law influences

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

18 years of age; universal

unicameral parliament known as the National Assembly (Mejlis) (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW is chairman; Kasymguly BABAYEW is DPT Political Council First Secretary]

none

ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life

Akhal-Teke horse

Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. New pipelines to China and Iran, that began operation in early 2010, have given Turkmenistan additional export routes for its gas, although these new routes have not offset the sharp drop in export revenue since early 2009 from decreased gas exports to Russia. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. In the past, Turkmenistan's economic statistics were state secrets. The new government has established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity.

$36.9 billion (2010 est.)

$33.79 billion (2009 est.)

$31.85 billion (2008 est.)

$27.96 billion (2010 est.)

9.2% (2010 est.)

6.1% (2009 est.)

14.7% (2008 est.)

$7,500 (2010 est.)

$6,900 (2009 est.)

$6,600 (2008 est.)

2.3 million (2008 est.)

60% (2004 est.)

30% (2004 est.)

40.8 (1998)

19.7% of GDP (2010 est.)

10.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

-0.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

10% (2010 est.)

4% (2009 est.)

17.5% (31 December 2010 est.)

15% (31 December 2009 est.)

$435.1 million (31 December 2010 est.)

$402.8 million (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.053 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$912.3 million (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.158 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.263 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$NA

cotton, grain; livestock

natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

7.3% (2010 est.)

15.5 billion kWh (2009 est.)

13 billion kWh (2009 est.)

2.5 billion kWh (2009 est.)

1.476 billion kWh (2008 est.)

202,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)

119,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

97,430 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

600 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

38.1 billion cu m (2009 est.)

20.1 billion cu m (2009 est.)

18 billion cu m (2009 est.)

0 cu m (2009 est.)

7.504 trillion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

-$1.105 billion (2010 est.)

-$2.808 billion (2009 est.)

$10.55 billion (2010 est.)

$8.946 billion (2009 est.)

gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber

China 28.6%, Turkey 10.6%, UAE 7.2%, Afghanistan 6.5%, Iran 6%, Italy 5.4%, Kazakhstan 4.5% (2010)

$8.277 billion (2010 est.)

$8.071 billion (2009 est.)

machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Russia 21.6%, Turkey 20%, China 9.2%, UAE 7.7%, Germany 5.7%, Malaysia 4.6%, Ukraine 4.5% (2010)

$17.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$17.06 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$517.7 million (31 December 2010 est.)

$575.7 million (31 December 2009 est.)

Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar -

2.85 (2010)

2.85 (2009)

14,250 (2008)

520,000 (2010)

3.198 million (2010)

broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 4 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by seizing satellite dishes (2007)

.tm

794 (2010)

80,400 (2009)

27 (2010)

1 (2010)

gas 7,352 km; oil 1,457 km (2010)

1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2008)

Turkmenbasy

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2011)

18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2009)

3.4% of GDP (2005 est.)

cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian

transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan